INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE WITH MODERN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS: EVIDENCE-BASED PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Background: The global resurgence of Traditional Medicine (TM) has prompted an urgent need to evaluate evidence-based frameworks for its integration into Modern Healthcare Systems (MHS). Approximately 80% of the global population relies on TM as a primary healthcare modality, yet systematic integration pathways remain fragmented and inconsistent across health systems. Methods: This study conducted a systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, analysing 4,827 records from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (2000–2024). After rigorous screening, 66 studies were included in qualitative synthesis and 47 in meta-analysis. Outcomes assessed included patient satisfaction, clinical efficacy, safety profiles, regulatory compliance, and cost-effectiveness of integrated care models. Results: Meta-analysis revealed a significant positive effect of TM integration on patient-reported outcomes (Standardised Mean Difference [SMD] = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.49–0.67; p < 0.001; I² = 38%). Asia-Pacific nations demonstrated the highest integration rates across policy (78%), clinical (65%), and training (55%) domains. Financial constraints (80%) and evidence gaps (65%) were identified as the most severe integration barriers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Conclusion: Evidence-based integration of TM into MHS is feasible and associated with measurable improvements in patient outcomes. Standardised regulatory frameworks, investment in rigorous clinical trials, and cross-cultural training programmes are essential prerequisites for sustainable and equitable integration.